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Moscow from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries

The period at the beginning of the seventeenth is known in history as Smutnoe Vremya (Time of Troubles). During this period the rulers changed frequently, and Moscow was occupied by Poland. During few years of poor harvests a severe famine took away thousands of lives. In 1612 Minin and Duke Pogarsky liberated Moscow from Polish occupation. The monument to Minin and Posharsky, which appeared on Red square in 1818, commemorates this even with the inscription “To Minin and Duke Pogarsky from grateful Russia”. In 1613 Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov became tsar.

In the middle of the eighteenth century Moscow gradually transformed itself into a national cultural center. In 1755 Moscow University, along with two gymnasiums (schools), was founded. Here Moscow’s independent newspaper, Moskovskie Vedomosty (Moscow News) was published. Its first magazine Poleznoe Uveselenie (Useful Joy), edited by Mikhail Heraskov, was printed here as well.

In 1812 Napoleon sent his troops to Moscow. It was a difficult, prolonged war, during which Moscow was again razed to the ground. As a memorial to those who died in the war (in which Russian eventually triumphed) the Cathedral of God’s Ascension was built. All citizens of Moscow took part in the erection of the cathedral, and it was finally completed in 1880. The Triumfalnie Vorota (triumphal gates), located on Tverskaya Ulitsa, were also built as a memory of the war. The idea to build Triumfalnie Vorota belonged to emperor Nikolay I, and they were finally opened for the public view only in 1834, on the twentieth anniversary of the end of the Patriotic War.

The cultural life of Moscow of that period was colorful and interesting. Many well-known magazines were published at that time. In 1802 Nikolay Karamzin founded the Vestnik Evropi (The Messenger of Europe) magazine. Another magazine, “Russky Vestnik” (Russian Messenger), mainly covered Russian history, especially the history of Moscow.

In 1812 the “Association of Russian Literature Lovers” was founded. Many prominent writers such as Pushkin, Turgenev, Ostrovsky, Tolstoy were the members of this society, which, by the way, functioned for almost 100 years.

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